Mendidik Anda cukup "keras"

ingatlah:
Kesulitan-kesulitanmasalah, kegagalan, beban kehidupan, konflik, dan berbagai
hal negatif lainnya justru akan dapat memperkuat orang-orang yang memiliki
semangat juang tinggi, dengan tujuan hidup yang pasti, serta keteguhan hati yang
kuat.
salam,
Dwika
VIDE Incorporated.

====================================
Seni Hidup Susah
*mujahidsamurai.multiply.com

"Mendidik seorang anak yang setelah dewasa siap menjadi orang miskin jauh
lebih sulit daripada mendidik anak yang setelah dewasa siap menjadi orang kaya."

Begitulah kalimat yang pernah diucapkan ayah saya. Sampai sekarang, rasanya
masih terngiang-ngiang sekali dalam benak saya kalimat tersebut saat pertama
kali keluar dari mulut ayah. Waktu itu adalah ketika saya kelas 6 SD. Saat itu
mungkin saya belum cukup dewasa, tapi saya cukup bisa mencerna perkataan ayah
saya. Sesaat setelah mendengarkan kalimat itu keluar dari lisan ayah, seolah
saya telah mendapatkan jawaban atas apa yang sering saya alami di masa yang
sudah lalu. Ya... saya kira itulah sebabnya kenapa selama ini ayah mendidik saya

cukup "keras".

Mulai dari kecil saya tidak pernah dibiasakan mendapatkan segala sesuatu yang
saya inginkan dengan cara mudah, walaupun saya tau ayah pasti dapat
memberikannya dengan mudah kalau beliau mau. Terkadang saya pun sering mengeluh
dan bercerita pada ibu saya, kok kenapa kalau ingin ini ingin itu rasanya sulit
sekali memintanya. Apalagi kalau keinginan itu yang bersifat hiburan atau
kesenangan semata. Tapi lain halnya kalau soal pendidikan, ayah pasti tanpa
pikir panjang akan langsung mengeluarkan isi dompetnya begitu saya memintanya.
Sebagai anak-anak, waktu itu, tentu saya tidak pernah terfikir bahwa itu adalah
pola pendidikan yang ayah terapkan pada saya dan adik-adik saya. Sering kali
perasaan yang saya rasakan saat itu hanya sebuah kekecewaan semata tanpa ada
nilai pendidikan yang bisa saya ambil. Tapi seiring berjalannya waktu, semakin
bertambah dewasanya usia saya, maka saya pun semakin bisa berfikir dan merenungi

setiap kejadian yang saya alami di masa lalu itu. Sampai akhirnya saya sadar
betul bahwa sebenarnya itu semua hanya cara ayah saya dalam mendidik
anak-anaknya, persis seperti ungkapan kalimat yang saya tulis di awal paragraf
di atas.

Sebagai contoh saja, ketika saya SD, saya tidak pernah diantar-antar dengan
orangtua sebagaimana layaknya anak-anak, kecuali 6 bulan pertama saat saya
pertama kali masuk SD, saya sering diantar jemput oleh ibu. Dari rumah saya
harus jalan kaki sampai depan komplek rumah yang jaraknya sekitar 800 meter.
Lalu dilanjutkan naik angkot yang jaraknya sampai sekolah kira-kira 8 KM.
Padahal saat itu mungkin bisa saja ayah saya mengantar saya sebelum berangkat ke

kantor dengan mobilnya. Saya diberi uang saku secukupnya bahkan waktu itu
terbilang kecil jika dibandingkan dengan uang saku teman-teman saya yang lain.
Bayangkan! Saya hanya diberi Rp. 500,-. Untuk naik angkot pulang pergi Rp.
200,-. Uang segitu saat itu memang bernilai cukup besar, dan sisa uang Rp. 300,-

masih bisa untuk jajan makanan kecil. Itulah sebabnya sejak kecil saya jadi suka

cari akal bagaimana caranya bisa dapat uang jajan lebih tanpa harus minta
orangtua. Ya waktu itu yang terfikir adalah dengan cara jualan dan mengajari
teman pelajaran sekolah dengan imbalan traktir jajan dari mereka.

Pengalaman-pengalaman seperti itu terus saya alami sampai saya SMA, bahkan saat
kuliah. Saya tidak pernah merasa bahwa apa yang saya peroleh itu didapat dengan
cara yang mudah. Semuanya serba harus dengan perjuangan di tengah fasilitas yang

terbatas. Tapi efek dari pendidikan ayah saya tersebut, dapat saya rasakan
manfaatnya dari waktu ke waktu. Hingga akhirnya saya menjadi sangat bersahabat
dengan yang namanya kesulitan dan kegagalan. Bahkan saat ini terkadang saya
malah suka menyengaja diri saya agar terlibat dalam kesulitan, walaupun
sebenarnya saya tau cara yang mudahnya. Misalnya, ketika SMA saya mulai
diberikan ayah sebuah motor untuk transportasi pulang pergi dari sekolah, tempat

les, dan rumah. Tapi walaupun begitu, saya malah lebih sering memarkir motor
saya di garasi rumah, dan berangkat ke sekolah atau tempat les dengan berjalan
kaki dan naik angkot. Beberapa teman saya menganggap saya aneh dengan tingkah
yang seperti itu. Tapi itulah cara saya dalam mendidik diri saya sendiri.
Menurut kamu, apakah sebenarnya yang ada di benak para pecinta alam yang sering
naik turun gunung, menyusuri sungai, bahkan tidur hanya beralaskan rumput dan
beratapkan langit saja. Mengapa mereka mau mempersulit diri mereka sendiri
dengan tidur di hutan belantara yang serba gelap, udaranya dingin, bahkan tidak
lepas dari ancaman binatang buas. Sementara mereka sebenarnya bisa saja tidur di

atas kasur yang empuk, atau nonton TV sambil mengemil makanan ringan. Mengapa
mereka malah memilih yang sulit daripada segala kemudahan? Pemikiran seperti
itulah yang sering saya gunakan. Justru dari kesulitan yang dihadapilah manusia
akan belajar. Dia tidak akan pernah belajar sesuatu yang berharga jika dia
terbiasa dengan segala sesuatu yang enak dan mudah dia dapatkan.


Coba kita perhatikan sebuah pohon. Terpaan angin kencang dengan mudah akan dapat

menumbangkan pohon-pohon yang rapuh dan berakar dangkal. Tetapi sebaliknya,
terpaan angin kencang yang sama justru akan memperkuat pohon-pohon yang kokoh
dan berakar dalam. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, 'terpaan angin kencang' berupa
masalah, kegagalan, beban kehidupan, konflik, dan berbagai hal negatif lainnya
dapat dengan mudah menghancurkan orang-orang rapuh yang tidak memiliki semangat
juang dan menjalani hidup tanpa tujuan. Sebaliknya, kesulitan-kesulitan yang
sama justru akan dapat memperkuat orang-orang yang memiliki semangat juang
tinggi, dengan tujuan hidup yang pasti, serta keteguhan hati yang kuat.

Setiap orang pastilah pernah mengalami kesulitan dalam hidupnya, kondisi–kondisi

genting atau bahkan saat–saat kritis dalam hidupnya. Kebanyakan orang sangat
tidak menyukai atau bahkan membenci hal tesebut. Namun sering tanpa kita sadari
bersama, bahwa justru hanya dalam keadaan kritis seperti itulah diri kita baru
dapat mengeluarkan kemampuan yang sesungguhnya dan tumbuh menjadi individu yang
jauh lebih baik dari sebelumnya.

Setiap orang pastilah pernah mengalami hal tersulit dalam hidupnya, tetapi yang
membedakan antara orang gagal dan berhasil adalah respon atas tindakan dari hal
yang mereka alami. Jika kita dapat mengambil manfaat atas hal buruk atau kritis
yang menimpa kita, maka niscaya kita kelak akan menjadi sukses di kemudian hari.

Saya memang belum merasa telah ada pada suatu titik yang disebut kesuksesan.
Sebab pada hakikatnya yang layak menilai seseorang sukses atau tidak tentulah
harus orang lain, bukan diri sendiri. Tapi setidaknya, lewat apa yang sudah ayah

saya ajarkan kepada saya. Kemudian serangkaian usaha yang saya lalukan sesuai
dengan pandangan hidup saya tentang hidup itu sendiri, telah menjadikan saya
seorang Dimas yang sekarang ini

Bertahan Hidup vs Mengejar Impian

ingatlah:
Anda ingin anak-anak Anda nanti bisa mengejar impian mereka sesuai minat dan
bakatnya.
salam,
Dwika
VIDE Inc.

==========================
Bertahan Hidup vs Mengejar Impian
*sitijenang.wordpress.com

Bakat konon perlu dikembangkan sedini mungkin. Namun, ternyata tak semua
orang sukses menemukan minat dan bakatnya sejak usia dini. Contohnya
Eddie Van Halen atau lengkapnya Edward Lodewijk “Eddie” Van Halen.

Si Eddie waktu kecil malah sempat kursus
piano, selain memang sering menang di lomba-lomba penampilan bakat di
Belanda sana. Sementara itu, Alex, abangnya juga sama-sama belajar
piano. Nah, tapi ketika sudah beberapa lama belajar memencet tuts,
Eddie merasa piano kurang menantang dan malah merasa bosan. Dia lalu
bilang begini, “Who wants to sit in front of the piano? That’s boring.”
Belakangan ternyata anak berdarah Indonesia itu lebih tertarik
dengan gitar, sedangkan abangnya malah suka menabuh drum. Alhasil,
mereka berdua membuat band “Van Halen”. Mengekor tren posting video di
blog Mas Lambang, saya juga mau ikut-ikutan.

Berikut ini seri belajar gitar ala Eddie Van Halen:
Video di atas adalah solo gitar legendaris Si Eddie itu. Di
mana-mana solo gitarnya selalu begitu. Berikutnya adalah gitaris amatir
yang menirukan teknik-teknik gitarnya.

Video terakhir yang saya pilih sesuai dengan kenyataan 'pahit' yang
harus saya terima, tidak menjadi gitaris profesional, The Dream is
Over. Saya mungkin generasi tumbal yang harus mengorbankan diri demi
self-preservation, bertahan hidup dulu, tidak penting sesuai bakat atau
tidak. Tapi, saya ingin anak-anak saya nanti bisa mengejar impian
mereka sesuai minat dan bakatnya.

Kesuksesan Paling Besar

ingatlah:
Kesuksesan yang paling besar dalam hidup adalah bisa bangkit kembali dari
kegagalan
salam,
Dwika

==================
Menyikapi Kegagalan
*soegiantohartono.blogspot.com

Seorang guru spiritual terkemuka Master Cheng Yen., yang juga penulis buku
Sanubari Teduh, menasehati : “ Kesuksesan yang paling besar dalam hidup adalah
bisa bangkit kembali dari kegagalan “.

Gagal dan Sukses itu sesungguhnya hanyalah suatu pola pikir, bila anda mengalami

kegagalan dan sampai menyebabkan anda terpuruk, ini di sebabkan karena anda
terlalu melekat pada kegagalan itu.
Namun kalau anda bisa menerima kegagalan itu apa adanya, anda pun sebetulnya
bisa berbahagia dalam kondisi yang sedang menderita.
Jadi, apakah anda terpuruk dan menderita atau bahagia ketika mengalami
kegagalan, ini semata merupakan pilihan murni anda sendiri.
Kalau anda merasa terpuruk dan meratapi nasib, sehingga anda frustrasi dan
kecewa berat atau putus asa; jangan mencoba untuk menyalahkan orang lain, karena

itu salah anda sendiri memilih pikiran yang ingin anda pikirkan.

Sukses dan gagal, ibarat sekeping uang logam dengan dua permukaan. Satu sisi
adalah sukses dan sisi lainnya gagal. Oleh karena itu anda tidak mungkin
terlepas dari pengalaman kegagalan ini. Anda akan terus mengalami peristiwa ini
sebelum anda sukses. Dia lah sahabat anda sebelum anda sukses, karena dia yang
memberi banyak pelajaran yang berarti bagi kehidupan anda. Maka dari itu
janganlah curiga dan berprasangka buruk terhadap kegagalan itu.
Kalau anda gagal, jangan menyebutnya itu gagal, katakan pada diri anda bahwa
anda belum sukses, atau sasaran anda belum sesuai dengan yang anda inginkan.
Kalimat ini lebih memotivasi diri anda dan membuka sumber daya yang anda miliki.

Di dunia ini ada sebuah hukum yang pasti dan berlaku bagi siapa saja, itu adalah

Hukum Kompensasi. Hukum ini mengatakan bahwa setiap kejadian yang tidak
menyenangkan atau yang tidak menguntungkan, ada sesuatu yang lebih baik di
baliknya. Kalau anda bersikap positif terhadap kegagalan yang anda temui, tentu
di balik hal ini ada sesuatu yang lebih baik yang sedang menanti anda. namun
begitu, ini tergantung bagaimana anda menyikapi, dan memandang nya.
Dengan bersikap positif, anda masih bisa bersyukur dan pikiran anda akan menjadi

tenang dan rileks, sehingga anda mulai bisa melihat kesempatan baik lainnya.

Bagaimana cara memandang kegagalan sebagai hal yang positif ?, bacalah tulisan
di bawah ini dan coba anda renungkan :

1. Gagal itu bukan takdir.

Ingatkan kepada diri anda bahwa Kegagalan adalah Sukses yang tertunda, bukan
takdir. Sehingga anda masih mempunyai harapan untuk bisa sukses.
Kegagalan adalah sebuah hasil yang belum sesuai dengan apa yang anda harapan,
dimana sebetulnya masih ada banyak harapan bagi anda untuk sukses.

2. Kegagalan tidak harus melemahkan kemampuan anda

Kegagalan memberikan kesempatan kepada kita untuk belajar kembali, guna
memperbaiki diri.
Setiap orang yang sukses, selalu pernah mengalami kegagalan, tingkatkan
kemampuan anda dengan belajar kembali, sehingga percaya diri anda lebih baik,
dan anda bisa melakukan tindakan yang lebih baik dan efektif dikemudian hari.

3. Kegagalan bukan cacat pribadi

Jangan pernah mengatakan bahwa kegagalan anda karena anda tidak berbakat, kurang

pandai, kurang pendidikan dan lain sebagainya. Kalau anda mau belajar kembali
dan mengembangkan diri anda lebih baik, tentu akan bisa mencapai kesuksesan yang

anda inginkan.
Cintailah pekerjaan anda, sehingga anda akan termotivasi untuk mendalami bidang
pekerjaan anda.

4. Gagal tidak seharusnya membuat putus asa.

Orang memang lebih mudah untuk putus asa bila mengalami kegagalan, hal ini
disebabkan karena orang tersebut kurang ke-uletan, ketekunan , kegigihan dan
kesabaran.
Berputus ada merupakan sikap mental dan karakter yang lemah, oleh karena itu
kembangkan dan perkuat karakter anda.
Orang yang mudah putus asa, biasanya adalah orang-orang yang lemah imannya,
kurang bersyukur dan suka menginginkan hasil yang instant tanpa mau bersusah
payah.
Untuk membangkitkan semangat anda, bayangkan diri anda telah mencapai
keberhasilan yang anda harapkan, lihatlah kegembiraan yang di rasakan oleh
orang-orang terdekata anda.

5. Kegagalan hanya bersifat sementara.

Bagi orang yang ulet, tekun, sabar dan terus besemangat, keberhasilan itu akan
nyata suatu saat. Tidak ada kegagalan yang bersifat permanen, dia menjadi
permanen bila anda tidak berupaya apa pun. Disini anda harus berjuang untuk
mengalahkan nasib diri sendiri.
Renungkan sasaran anda setiap hari, perkuat keyakinan anda, suatu hari jalan itu

akan muncul.

Kuncinya adalah terimalah kegagalan itu apa adanya, jangan mengeluh, putus asa
dan benci. Gunakan kegagalan ini sebagai bahan evaluasi dan analisa apa yang
belum sempurna, renungkan dan temukan sebuah strategi yang baru untuk bertindak.

Lakukan … dan lihatlah apa yang akan terjadi.

Salam Bahagia dan Sejahtera

Kalkulus Akuntansi

ingatlah:
Dengan menguasai kalkulus dasar tepatnya turunan pertama dan kedua, mahasiswa
akan dapat menurunkan sendiri persamaan untuk EOQ. Mahasiswa lebih suka
menghafal daripada menggunakan logikanya.
salam,
Dwika
VIDE Inc.

------------------------------------------------
Matematika, keuangan, & investasi
Oleh: Budi Frensidy

Sebagai penulis buku Matematika Ekonomi dan Matematika Keuangan, saya sering
mendapat pertanyaan tentang perbedaan keduanya. Penjelasan singkat saya adalah
matematika ekonomi berguna untuk mempelajari ekonomi mikro dan makro, sedangkan

matematika keuangan sangat relevan untuk memahami akuntansi, keuangan, dan
investasi.

Tanpa mempelajari matematika keuangan, mahasiswa dan lulusan keuangan akan
sulit membedakan tingkat bunga versus tingkat diskonto, bunga biasa vs bunga
tepat, bunga sederhana vs bunga majemuk, bunga diskrit vs bunga kontinu, bunga
flat vs bunga efektif, anuitas biasa vs anuitas di muka, aplikasi present value

vs future value, skedul amortisasi utang (KPR dan KKB) vs skedul akumulasi dana

(sinking fund), return berdasarkan waktu vs return berdasarkan uang, return
aritmetik vs return geometrik, dan macam-macam metode penghitungan indeks
saham.

Ada tiga pasar dalam perekonomian yaitu pasar barang dan jasa atau sektor riil,

pasar finansial yang terdiri atas pasar uang dan pasar modal, dan pasar tenaga
kerja. Dalam pasar barang dan jasa, variabel utama adalah harga, dan dalam
pasar tenaga kerja adalah gaji dan upah.

Adapun, dalam pasar finansial, variabel paling penting itu adalah tingkat bunga

dan istilah lain yang berkaitan dengannya yaitu yield, tingkat diskonto, dan
return. Karena itu, memahami matematika keuangan yang sering juga disebut
matematika tingkat bunga adalah kunci untuk menguasai akuntansi, keuangan, dan
investasi.

Kalkulus dalam akuntansi
Ini tidak berarti mahasiswa akuntansi dan keuangan tidak memerlukan matematika
ekonomi. Sama seperti manfaat dari mempelajari ekonomi mikro dan makro, tidak
ada ruginya mereka diajari matematika ekonomi sebagai prioritas kedua setelah
matematika keuangan.

Dalam akuntansi dan manajemen keuangan, mahasiswa belajar bahwa ada dua biaya
yang berhubungan dengan persediaan yaitu biaya pemesanan dan biaya penyimpanan.


Ada tradeoff antara keduanya. Jika pemesanan dilakukan dalam jumlah besar,
biaya pemesanan tahunan rendah, tetapi biaya penyimpanan besar. Sebaliknya,
untuk pemesanan dalam jumlah kecil, pemesanan tahunan akan sering, sehingga
biaya pemesanan tinggi sementara biaya penyimpanan rendah.

Karena itu, mereka diharapkan mampu menentukan jumlah pembelian untuk setiap
pemesanan atau economic order quantity (EOQ) yang meminimumkan total biaya
persediaan tahunan yang terdiri atas dua biaya di atas.

Dengan menguasai kalkulus dasar tepatnya turunan pertama dan kedua, mahasiswa
akuntansi dan keuangan akan dapat menurunkan sendiri persamaan untuk EOQ ini.
Pada praktiknya, karena terbiasa menghafal, hampir tidak ada mahasiswa yang
mampu melakukannya. Inilah susahnya mahasiswa kita termasuk mahasiswa keuangan
yang lebih suka menghafal daripada menggunakan logikanya.



Aplikasi dalam investasi
Dalam ilmu fisika, kita mengenal kecepatan dan percepatan sebagai turunan
pertama dan kedua dari fungsi jarak yang ditempuh (dalam waktu). Dalam
investasi, turunan pertama dan kedua itu adalah return nominal dan pertumbuhan
return.



Aplikasinya, kita dapat merumuskan strategi investasi yang tepat dengan
menggunakan turunan pertama dan turunan kedua. Pertama, carilah aset yang
return nominalnya positif sebagai necessary condition dan hindari aset yang
return-nya negatif.



Kedua, carilah aset yang juga mampu memberikan pertumbuhan return positif
sebagai sufficient condition. Tidak sulit mencari alternatif investasi yang
mampu memberikan return nominal positif. Sebagian besar aset memenuhi kriteria
ini, tetapi tidak banyak yang memberikan pertumbuhan return positif.

Memahami konsep sederhana di atas, mahasiswa akuntansi dan keuangan akan dapat
menjawab perbedaan antara pernyataan 'The rich get richer' dan 'The rich get
faster richer'.



Ungkapan 'yang kaya semakin kaya' mengandung arti turunan pertama adalah
positif, tetapi tidak menyebutkan apa-apa tentang turunan kedua. Turunan kedua
mungkin positif, negatif, atau nol.

Adapun, dalam ungkapan 'yang kaya semakin lebih cepat kaya', baik turunan
pertama maupun turunan kedua positif. Contohnya adalah investasi dalam saham
yang fungsi harganya Rp1.000, Rp1.200, Rp1.600, Rp2.500, dan seterusnya.



Orang kaya terutama pengusaha umumnya tidak hanya ingin menjadi lebih kaya.
Karena, jika sekadar menjadi lebih kaya, mungkin saja diperlukan waktu yang
lebih lama untuk mendobelkan kekayaan, misalnya dari sebelumnya 8 tahun menjadi

10 tahun.



Yang diinginkan adalah semakin lebih cepat kaya yaitu semakin cepat dapat
mendobelkan kekayaannya. Jika sebelumnya, diperlukan waktu 8 tahun, berikutnya
mesti 6 tahun, setelah itu target menjadi 4 tahun, demikian seterusnya. Ini
hanya dapat terealisasi jika turunan kedua juga positif.

Aplikasi penting lainnya dari kalkulus dalam investasi adalah mengukur risiko
harga atau risiko tingkat bunga sebuah obligasi. Ukuran untuk ini dikenal
sebagai durasi yang tidak lain adalah elastisitas perubahan harga obligasi
terhadap perubahan yield.



Elastisitas harga obligasi terhadap perubahan yield ini adalah turunan pertama
fungsi harga obligasi terhadap yield. Untuk memperoleh hasil yang lebih akurat
terutama untuk perubahan yield yang cukup besar, investor umumnya juga
memerlukan turunan keduanya yaitu konveksitas.

Mengetahui durasi dan konveksitas sebuah obligasi, kita mudah menghitung
perubahan nilai obligasi atau portofolio obligasi jika terjadi perubahan yield
di pasar.



Contohnya, jika durasi sebuah obligasi adalah 4, maka kenaikan yield 1% akan
menyebabkan penurunan harga sekitar 4%. Berapa persentase tepatnya hingga dua
angka desimal ditentukan oleh konveksitasnya. Kesimpulannya, keuangan dan
investasi itu sangat dekat dengan matematika.

Terapi Berfikir Positif

ingatlah:
Positif thinking agar hidup kita bermanfaat, setidaknya bermanfaat bagi diri
sendiri dan tidak menambah beban orang lain…..
salam,
Dwika

======================
Terapi Berfikir Positif
Posted By Jauhari

Sejak Kecil, olahraga favorit saya adalah sepakbola, apa saja saya
jadikan bola saat itu, dan setiap ada waktu saya dan konco-konco lawas selalu
sempatkan main bola, entah di pekarangan tetangga atau di lapangan desa ponjong.

Saat itu televisi belum seperti sampah seperti kita lihat sekarang (maksud saya
sebut sampah karena sangat banyaknya, jadi mirip sampah bukan? ) Jadi saya
tidak punya team favorit, hanya pemain favorit, itu saja hanya Kang Supri, Kang
Warto, Kang Tono dan Kang Maksum ini adalah JAGOAN LOKAL desa Ponjong
Kami tak kenal Siapa Striker manchester united, liverpool, barcelona apalagi
inter milan,
kami hanya kenal nama nama bule seperti Maradona, Pele, Johan Cruif dan
Klisman dan Frans Beckbaur (bener ndak nulisnya) itu hanya karena ada Piala
Dunia yang di tayangkan di Tipi Sejuta Umat (TVRI)


rmain Bola & Terapi Berfikir Positip
Hubungan diatas dengan terapi berfikir positif karena saya sering sekali
mengalami hal yang saya sebut tidak masuk
akal. Hal tersebut adalah ketika saya bermain dengan temen temen yang
sudah biasa kami bertemu saya bisa bermain lepas dan tanpa hambatan,
aksi gaya pele bisa saya lakukan tapi dan herannya ketika bermain dengan team
asing atau dengan
komunitas lebih besar (dengan team di desa ponjong), kemampuan saya ini
seperti OFF tidak mau menyala, sifat ini ternyata karena saya terlalu
negatif thingking terhadap diri sendiri, sikap bahwa saya kurang mampu
bersaing, takut dan lain sebagainya… sifat inilah yang menyebabkan
kemampuan tidak bisa keluar 100%.

Ketika saya bermain untuk team Sekolah Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta dan maupun Team

Sepakbola Elektro Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang kami terbukti bisa
menyesuaikan diri, Dus itupun ketika bermain untuk Kantor Lama,
saya tetep bisa bermain lepas, Tapi ketika bermain lagi di lapangan
desa ponjong, kemampuan saya seperti hilang tanpa bekas lagi.
Ternyata secara tidak sadar, alam bawah sadar saya telah membuat
suatu pikiran, kalau saya bermain di rumah, saya tidak bisa saya kurang
mampu. Itulah yang menyebabkan kemampuan alami tidak keluar. Hal ini
baru baru saja saya sadari setelah membaca buku karya Dr. Ibrahim Elfiky,
seorang motivator muslim asal Kanada. Dari tulisan tulisan yang saya baca,
perlunya kita terapi berfikir positif, agar kita bisa selalu menampilkan yang
terbaik dari diri kita, dan membuang pikiran negatif,
karena berdasar buku ini, baik atau negatif suatu keadaan tergantung
alam pikiran kita mengolahnya… kita bisa menjadi pecundang atau
pemenang tergantung pikiran kita.

Ingat ingatlah selalu untuk bisa mem filter segala SPAM PIKIRAN (negatif
thinking) dan segera menggantinya dengan positif thinking agar hidup kita
bermanfaat, setidaknya bermanfaat bagi diri sendiri dan tidak menambah beban
orang lain…..

LTE Book

UMTS LTE

Network, Services, Technologies,
and Operation
Author: Lawrence Harte
ISBN: 1-93281315-2
Page Size: 7.5" x 9.25" soft cover book
Copyright: 2008
Number of Pages: 116
Number of Diagrams: 37




Mobile Video
Magazine
Free Subscription

25 Slide UMTS LTE Tutorial
Printed or Electronic Version (3.9MB) Available - Electronic Version has Color Diagrams


Description

This book explains the basic components, technologies used, and operation of UMTS LTE systems. You will discover why mobile telephone service providers are upgrading their 2nd and 3nd generation digital mobile to a more efficient and feature rich UMTS LTE generation system.

Discover the key features that LTE systems provide that go beyond the capabilities of existing 2G and 3G mobile systems such as ultra high-speed internet (100 Mbps+), television (multicast video), and low latency services (packet voice).

Explained are the physical and logical radio channel structures of the LTE systems along with the basic frame and slot structures. Described are the fundamental capabilities and operation of the LTE radio channel including channel coding, modulation types, and low latency transmission processes.

You will discover the key functional sections of a LTE network component and how they communicate with each other. Learn how and why LTE systems separate control signing channel from user data channels. You will also discover how LTE systems can interoperate with existing mobile systems which simplify the migration plan from less efficient mobile systems to more cost effective and capable LTE systems.

Learn LTE systems can evolve into 4th generation ultra broadband systems using spatial division multiple access (SDMA) technology which will eventually able to provide up to 1 Gbps data transfer rates. Some of the most important topics featured in this book are:

· How LTE systems operate
· New LTE services such as multicast video
· The LTE radio channel structure
· Types of physical and logical channels
· LTE network components
· Network components and their connections
· How GSM and UMTS WCDMA can be upgraded to LTE technology

Sample Diagrams

There are 37 explanatory diagrams in this book

LTE Key Features

This figure shows that some of the key features of the UMTS LTE system include increased data transmission rate, spectrum flexibility, reduced latency, and lower costs. Increased data transmission rates are possible through the use of wider radio channels and efficient modulation types. Spectrum flexibility allows for the use of variable channel bandwidth and channel duplexing types. Reduced latency is enabled by the use of more efficient channel control assignment processes. Lower cost is provided from the ability to serve more customers using a reduced number of radio channels and through automated system configuration processes.

Upgrading GSM and 3G to LTE

This figure shows how a 3G and GSM system can be upgraded to offer UMTS LTE services. This diagram shows that typically 1 to 4 wide WCDMA or 2 or more narrow GSM channels are typically removed to allow a very wide 20 MHz UMTS LTE channel to be added. This example also shows that a separate base station assembly is added to communicate with a UMTS evolved packet core (EPC).



Table of Contents

UMTS Long Term Evolution

UMTS LTE Industry Specifications

Key LTE Features

Increased Data Transmission Rates
- More Efficient Modulation Technologies
Reduced Transmission Delay (Faster Response Time)
Self Configuration and Optimization
All IP Backbone Network
Voice Call Continuity (VCC)
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Radio
Multibeam Radio

Evolution of UMTS

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)

UMTS LTE Services

Voice Services
Data Services
- Circuit Switched Data
- Packet Switched Data
- Messaging
Group Services
Multicast Services
- Group Call Service (GCS)
- Voice Broadcast Services (VBS)
Location Based Services (LBS)

UMTS LTE Products (Radio Devices)

Network Termination Units (NTU)
Mobile Telephones
PCMCIA Air Cards
External Radio Modems
Embedded Radio Modules
Digital Media Players
Location Devices
RF Power Classification
- User Equipment Classes (UE Classes)

UMTS LTE Radio Channels

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
- Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
Multiple Input Multiple Out (MIMO)
- Antenna Ports
Frequency Bands
RF Channel Bandwidth
- Channel Raster
Resource Blocks
Physical Downlink Channels
- Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
- Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
- Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
- Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
- Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
- Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
Physical Uplink Channels
- Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
- Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
- Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Frame Structure
- Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
- Time Division Duplex (TDD)
- Type 1 Frame
- Type 2 Frame
Transport Channels
- Broadcast Channel (BCH)
- Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
- Paging Channel (PCH)
- Multicast Channel (MCH)
- Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
- Random Access Channel (RACH)
Logical Channels
- Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
- Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
- Common Control Channel (CCCH)
- Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
- Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
- Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
- Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
Channel Mapping

Radio Characteristics

Peak Data Rate
Control Plane Latency
Control Plane Capacity
User Plane Latency
User Data Throughput
Spectrum Flexibility
- Frequency Bandwidth Allocation
- Duplex Flexibility
Spectrum Efficiency
Mobility
- Full Mobility
- Seamless Mobility
Coverage
Modes of Operation
- Bandwidth Configuration
- Transmission Bandwidth
- Guard Bands
Duplex Operating Modes
- Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
- Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
Co-Existence
Modulation Types
- Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
- 16-QAM
- 64-QAM
Channel Coding
- Convolution Coding
- Turbo Codes
- Interleaving
RF Power Control
Time Alignment
- Timing Advance (TA)
Beamforming
- Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

UMTS Network

- User Plane
- Control Plane (C-Plane)
- Access Stratum (AS)
- Non-Access Stratum (NAS)
- Global Multimedia Mobility (GMM)
Radio Access Technology (RAT)
Evolved Packet Cores (EPC)
Evolved Node B (eNB)
Mobile Management Entity (MME)
Serving Gateway (S-GW)
Packet Gateway (P-GW)

Network Interfaces

X2 Interface
S1 Interface
S2A Interface
S2B Interface
Iuant Interface
S3 Interface
S4 Interface
S5 Interface
S6A Interface
S7 Interface
SGi Interface

Radio Protocol Layers

Radio Resource Control (RRC)
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
Broadcast and Multicast Control Protocol (BMC)
Radio Link Control (RLC)
- Unacknowledged Mode (UM)
- Acknowledged Mode (AM)
- Transparent Mode (TM)
Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer
Physical Layer (PHY)
- Signaling Radio Bearer (SRB)
- Data Radio Bearer (DRB)

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

Call Session Control Function (CSCF)
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

UMTS LTE System Operation

Initialization
- Authentication
- Paging
Registration
Tracking Area (TA)
User Equipment Context (UE Context)
Mobility States
- Detached State
- Idle State
- Active State
Access Control
Handover (HO)
- Intra-System Handover
- Inter-System UMTS LTE to GERAN Handover
- Inter-Radio Access Technology Handover (Inter-RAT Handover)
- Backward Handover
Discontinuous Reception (DRx)
Discontinuous Transmission (DTx)
Speech Coding

Addressing

Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI)
- System Information Radio Network Temporary Identifier (SI-RNTI)
- System Change Radio Network Temporary Identifier (SC-RNTI)
- Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI)
- Paging Radio Network Temporary Identifier (P-RNTI)
- Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RA-RNTI)
Mobile Station ISDN (MSISDN)
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI)
Temporary Mobile Station Identity (TMSI)
S-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (S-TMSI)
Local Mobile Station Identity (LMSI)
IP Address
- Static IP Addressing
- Dynamic IP Addressing
- Subscriber Profile Identifier (SPID)

Location Based Services (LBS)

Positioning Methods
Commercial Location Services (Commercial LCS)
Internal Location Services (Internal LCS)
Emergency Location Services (Emergency LCS)
Lawful Intercept Location Services (Lawful Intercept LCS)

Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (E-MBMS)

MBMS Architecture
- eNB MBMS
- MBMS Gateway
- Multi-Cell/Multicast Coordination Entity (MCE)
- M1 Interface
- M2 Interface
- M3 Interface
eNB Synchronization

UMTS Billing

Offline Charging
- Charging Data Function (CDF)
- Charging Gateway Function (CGF)
Online Charging
- Policy Control and Charging Function (PCRF)
- Policy and Charging Enforcement Point (PCEP)
Billing System

Upgrading 3G and GSM to UMTS LTE



Appendix 1 Acronyms

16-QAM - 16 Level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project
3GPP System - 3rd Generation Partnership Project System
64 - QAM - 64 Level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
AC - Access Class
AC Barring - Access Class Barring
AGW - Access Gateway
AN - Access Network
AS - Access Stratum
AM - Acknowledged Mode
ACK - Acknowledgment
ARB - Active Resource Blocks
ACLR - Adjacent Carrier Leakage Ratio
ACS - Adjacent Channel Selectivity
AWS - Advanced Wireless Services Spectrum
AMBR - Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate
AIPN - All Internet Protocol Network
ARP - Allocation and Retention Priority
ADC - Analog to Digital Conversion
AF - Application Function
AP ID - Application Protocol Identity
ARQ - Automatic Repeat Reqeust
BSC Area - Base Station Controller Area
Beamforming - Beam Forming
BS - Bearer Services
Beyond 3G - Beyond 3rd Generation
BER - Bit Error Rate
Blacklist - Black List
Blind HO - Blind Handover
BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel
BSR - Buffer Status Reports
CAP - CAMEL Application Part
C - RNTI - Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier
CRH - Cell Reselection Hysteresis
CQI - Channel Quality Indicator
Kc - Cipher Key
CSG - Closed Subscriber Group
CDMA2000 - Code Division Multiple Access 2000
Commercial LCS - Commercial Location Services
CCCH - Common Control Channel
CEPT - Conference Of European Postal And Telecommunications Administrations
CMC - Connection Mobility Control
CC - Convolutional Coding
CN - Core Network
CAMEL - Customized Applications For Mobile Enhanced Logic
CP - Cyclic Prefix
CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Check
DRB - Data Radio Bearer
DTCH - Dedicated Traffic Channel
DFTS - DFT Spread OFDM
DRx - Discontinuous Reception
DTx - Discontinuous Transmission
DPC - Downlink Power Control
DL - SCH - Downlink Shared Channel
DR - Dynamic Range
DRA - Dynamic Resource Allocation
DTA - Dynamic Time Alignment
Emergency LCS - Emergency Location Services
ECM - EPS Connection Management
EMM - EPS Mobility Management
EQ - Equalization
EIR - Equipment Identity Register
EVM - Error Vector Magnitude
EEC - Ethernet Equipment Clock
ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
HSPA+ - Evolved High Speed Packet Access
E - MBMS - Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
eNBS - Evolved Network Base Station
eNB - Evolved Node B
EPC - Evolved Packet Cores
ePDG - Evolved Packet Data Gateway
EPS - Evolved Packet System
EPS Bearer - Evolved Packet System Bearer
EPS Bearer Identity - Evolved Packet System Bearer Identity
E - UTRAN - Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
E - UTRA - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
EGSM - Extended GSM
FRAND - Fair Reasonable and Non - Discriminatory
FFS - For Further Study
FPC - Forward Power Control
FDD - Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
FH - Frequency Hopping
GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS - General Packet Radio Service
GUP Server - General User Profile Server
GUP - Generic User Profile
GMM - Global Multimedia Mobility
GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite Systems
GSM - Global System For Mobile Communications
gprsSSF - GPRS Service Switching Function
GCR - Group Call Register
GERAN - GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
gsmSSF - GSM Service Switching Function
GBR - Guaranteed Bit Rate
GP - Guard Period
HR - Half Rate
HANDO - Handover
HRPD - High Rate Packet Data
HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA - High Speed Packet Access
HSPD - High Speed Packet Data
HSUPA - High Speed Uplink Packet Access
HE - Home Environment
HLR - Home Location Register
HPLMN - Home Public Land Mobile Network
HSS - Home Subscriber Server
HARQ - Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
IPR - Intellectual Property Rights
IN - IVR - Intelligent Network Interactive Voice Response System
IN - Triggering - Intelligent Network Triggered Charging
ICIC - Inter - Cell Interference Coordination
Inter - RAT Handover - Inter - Radio Access Technology Handover
IVR - Interactive Voice Response
Internal LCS - Internal Location Services
IMEI - International Mobile Equipment Identifier
IMSI - International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMT - International Mobile Telephony
IP Address - Internet Protocol Address
IWF - Interworking Function
IMS - IP Multimedia Subsystem
ISUP - ISDN User Part
Lawful Intercept LCS - Lawful Intercept Location Services
LMSI - Local Mobile Station Identity
LA - Location Area
LAC - Location Area Code
LBS - Location Based Services
LM - Location Management
LR - Location Register
LCS Client - Location Services Client
LCS Server - Location Services Server
L_CH - Logical Channel
LTE - Long Term Evolution
LCR - Low Chip Rate
MIB - Master Information Block
MBR - Maximum Bit Rate
MOP - Maximum Output Power
MPR - Maximum Power Reduction
MSAP - MCH Subframe Allocation Pattern
MGCF - Media Gateway Control Function
MAHO - Mobile Assisted Handoff
MCC - Mobile Country Code
ME - Mobile Equipment
MME - Mobile Management Entity
MNC - Mobile Network Code
MRI - Mobile Reported Interference
MSRN - Mobile Station Roaming Number
MSISDN - Mobile Subscriber ISDN
MSC - Mobile Switching Center
MSC Area - Mobile Switching Center Area
MTSMS - Mobile Terminated Short Message Service
MVNO - Mobile Virtual Network Operator
MVPN - Mobile Virtual Private Network
MM - Mobility Management
MCS - Modulation and Coding Scheme
MCE - Multi - Cell/Multicast Coordination Entity
Multifunction SIM - Multi - Function Subscriber Identity Module Card
MCH - Multicast Channel
MCCH - Multicast Control Channel
MTCH - Multicast Traffic Channel
MC - Multichannel Carrier
MTCH - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Traffic Channel
MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services
MBMS Session - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services Session
MBSFN - Multimedia Broadcast Service Multicast Single Frequency Network
MMOG - Multimedia Online Gaming
MRFC - Multimedia Resource Function Controller
MRFP - Multimedia Resource Function Processor
MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
MU - MIMO - Multiple User MIMO
NDC - National Destination Code
NACK - Negative Acknowledgement
NCL - Neighbor Cell List
NACC - Network Assisted Cell Change
NI - Network Interface
NSS - Network Switching Subsystem
NTU - Network Termination Unit
NGMN - Next Generation Mobile Networks
NAS - Non - Access Stratum
OTS - One Tunnel Solution
OCS - Online Charging System
OFDM - Optical Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
PDCP - Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDCP SN - Packet Data Convergence Protocol Sequence Number
P - GW - Packet Data Network Gateway
PDP Context - Packet Data Protocol Context
P - GW - Packet Gateway
PRACH - Packet Random Access Channel
PSC - Packet Scheduling
PCCH - Paging Control Channel
P - RNTI - Paging Radio Network Temporary Identifier
PAPR - Peak to Average Power Ratio
PCS - Personal Communication Services
PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PN - Personal Network
PBCH - Physical Broadcast Channel
PhCH - Physical Channel
PCFICH - Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PDCCH - Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PHICH - Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
PHY - Physical Layer
PMCH - Physical Multicast Channel
PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
PRB - Physical Resource Block
PUCCH - Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUSCH - Physical Uplink Shared Channel
PCEF - Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
PCEP - Policy and Charging Enforcement Point
PCRF - Policy Control and Charging Function
PSD - Power Spectral Density
PBR - Prioritized Bit Rate
PDU - Protocol Data Unit
PLMN - Public Land Mobile Network
PLMN Code - Public Land Mobile Network Code
PPDN - Public Packet Data Network
PTT - Push To Talk
QPP - Quadratic Permutation Polynomial
QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
QCI - Quality Class Identifier
QoS Profile - Quality of Service Profile
RAT - Radio Access Technology
RAT Handover - Radio Access Technology Handover
RB - Radio Bearer
RBC - Radio Bearer Control
RBG - Radio Bearer Group
Um - Radio Interface
RLC - AM - Radio Link Control Acknowledged Mode
RLC - UM - Radio Link Control Unacknowledged Mode
RNC Area - Radio Network Controller Area
RNL - Radio Network Layer
RNS - Radio Network System
RNTI - Radio Network Temporary Identifier
RRM - Radio Resource Management
RAB - Random Access Burst
RACH - Random Access Channel
RA - RNTI - Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier
RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indicator
RPOA - Recognized Private Operating Agency
RSRP - Reference Symbol Received Power
RPE - LTP - Regular Pulse Excitation - Long Term Prediction
RET - Remote Electrical Tilting
RAF - Repository Access Function
RF Power Classes - RF Power Classification
RPLMN - Roaming Public Land Mobile Network
ROHC - Robust Header Compression
RA - Routing Area
S - TMSI - S - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
S1 - AP - S1 Application Protocol
S1 - MME - S1 Interface Mobile Management Entity
S1 - U - S1 Interface User Plane
SR - Scheduling Request
SU - Scheduling Unit
SAP - Service Access Point
SDF - Service Data Flow
SDU - Service Data Unit
SOA - Service Oriented Architecture
S - GW - Serving Gateway
SGSN - Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node
SGSN Area - Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node Area
Shared PLMN - Shared Public Land Mobile Network
SSD - Shared Secret Data
Sharing PLMN - Sharing Public Land Mobile Network
SMS - Short Message Service
SG - Signaling Gateway
SRB - Signaling Radio Bearer
SRES - Signed Response
SID - Silence Insertion Description
SC - FDMA - Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
SU - MIMO - Single User MIMO
SMS - GMSC - SMS Gateway Mobile Switching Center
SMS - IWMSC - SMS Interworking Mobile Switching Center
Source eNB - Source Evolved Node B
Subframe - Sub - Frame
SIM - Subscriber Identity Module
SPID - Subscriber Profile Identifier
Sync Protocol - Synchronization Protocol
SAE - System Architecture Evolution
SC - RNTI - System Change Radio Network Temporary Identifier
SFN - System Frame Number
SI - System Information
SIB - System Information Block
SI - 1 - System Information Block Type 1
S1 - RNTI - System Information Change - Radio Network Temporary Identifier
SI - M - System Information Master
SI - RNTI - System Information Radio Network Temporary Identifier
TB - Tail Bits
Target eNB - Target Evolved Node B
TDD - Time Division Duplex
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
TDM - Time Division Multiplexing
Timeslot - Time Slot
Timestamp - Time Stamp
TA - Timing Advance
TA - Tracking Area
TAC - Tracking Area Code
TAI - Tracking Area Identity
TCH - Traffic Channel
TFT - Traffic Flow Template
TA - Transfer Adapter
TAP - Transferred Account Procedures
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol And Internet Protocol
TTI - Transmission Time Interval
TM - Transparent Mode
TA - Transport Address
TB - Transport Block
TNL - Transport Network Layer
TAC - Type Allocation Code
UMB - Ultra Mobile Broadband
UMTS LTE - UMTS Long Term Evolution
UTRAN - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
UTRA FDD - UMTS xxx
UM - Unacknowledged Mode
UTRA - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
UL - SCH - Uplink Shared Channel
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
UE - User Equipment
UE Assisted Handover - User Equipment Assisted Handover
UE Class - User Equipment Class
UE Context - User Equipment Context
UPE - User Plane Entity
Virtual MIMO - Virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output
VRB - Virtual Resource Block
VLR - Visitor Location Register
VLR Area - Visitor Location Register Area
VAD - Voice Activity Detection
VBS - Voice Broadcast Service
VCC - Voice Call Continuity
VGCS - Voice Group Call Service
WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WTLS - Wireless Transport Layer Security
WAG - WLAN Access Gateway




About the Author

Mr. Lawrence Harte is a communications expert with over 29 years technical and business experience. As of 2008, he has authored over 100 books and is an inventor of several communication patents. His many degrees and certificates include an Executive MBA from Wake Forest University and a BSET from the University of the State of New York

UE access the network

Network Attach
http://beyond-3g-wireless.blogspot.com/

When a UE is turned on it needs to attach to the network so that it can able receive or initiate communication. Until the attach operation is not completed, UE will not be able to access the network.


In order to Attach UE is allocated with Uplink/Downlink Signal thru which it can able to read the System Information sent by the network.It is essential for terminals to understand which kind of network is present in terms of available technology, operators,and which channels and parameters shall be used to connect to the network in order to attempt a registration procedure.

After UE is able to read the System Information the next step would be Cell Selection. This procedure is same as it is done in other technologies.

UE sends the NAS PDU as a part of RRC message to eNB. This NAS PDU is then extracted by eNB and sent to MME as a part of S1AP message(Initial UE message)

Let us take a look at IE's in Attach Request NAS PDU mentioned below

(IMSI or old GUTI, last visited TAI (if available), UE Core Network Capability, UE Specific DRX parameters, PDN Type, Protocol Configuration Options, Ciphered Options Transfer Flag, Attach Type, KSIASME, NAS sequence number, NAS-MAC, additional GUTI, P-TMSI signature)

IMSI is International Mobile Subscriber Identity #.
Because the IMSI uniquely addresses each subscriber, it is seen as critical information from a security point of view and its transmission clearly has to be avoided as much as possible. By spying on and monitoring the IMSI, attackers could, for example, track a subscriber’s location,movement and activity, determine user home country and operator.

IMSI shall be included if the UE does not have a valid GUTI or a valid P TMSI available.NAS procedures make use of the GUTI for temporary identity as much as possible instead of the IMSI.

If available, the last visited TAI shall be included in order to help the MME produce a good list of TAIs for any subsequent Attach Accept message. Selected Network indicates the PLMN that is selected for network sharing purposes.

The UE network capabilities indicate also the supported NAS and AS security algorithms

PDN type indicates the requested IP version (IPv4, IPv4/IPv6, IPv6)

For EUTRAN attach, NAS message is PDN Connectivity request. This message is used by UE to inform network that it needs a bearer to transmit data

NAS sequence number and NAS-MAC are included if the UE has valid EPS security parameters. NAS sequence number indicates the sequential number of the NAS message

MME reads this NAS message and understands that UE needs a default bearer and an IP address. MME creates a GTP message Create Session Request and forwards it to SGW. At this point MME assigns and EPS bearer ID to the bearer.Then S-GW responds to GTP Create Session response message with SGW FTEID for user plane, EBI, and Bearer level QoS values. SGW communicates to PCRF to pull the QOS values.
MME receives the session response. It takes the SGW FTEID, EBI and QoS values and places it in Activate Default Bearer Context Request DL_NAS message(Attach Accept) and sends it to eNB in S1AP Initial Context Setup Request message. At this point EPS bearer is established and a Radio Bearer has to be established so that UE can start transmitting the data.
eNB receives the S1AP message, pulls out the NAS message places it in RRC RECONFIGURATION REQ and sends it UE.

UE responds with RRC_RECONFIGURATION_COMPLETE message. It also starts procession the NAS message. Initial Context Setup Response message is attached to the RRC message. At this point UE knows the Bearer ID, an IP address and corresponding QoS values.

eNB informs that UE accepted the default bearer to MME in a S1-AP UL NAS Transport message -Attach Complete-(EPS Bearer Identity, NAS sequence number, NAS-MAC message). Also eNB indicates its FTEID for user plane communication to MME.

MME now has to indicate the eNB user plane info to SGW. It does the same in GTP message Modify bearer request. SGW learns the eNB user plane info from it. After this the user plane data shall flow on the default bearer

Quality Of Service

Quality Of Service in EPS
http://beyond-3g-wireless.blogspot.com/

It has been a long time not blogging anything. Now it is time to give a kick start once again. Let us continue our discussion from the place where we left 2 months back

In previous topic we discussed about What is default Bearer & Dedicated Bearer?

Now let us try to understand about the various QOS parameters

An EPS Bearer is characterized by various QOS Parameters

* ARP (Allocation Retention Priority): The primary responsibility of ARP is to decide whether bearer establishment or modify request can be accepted or rejected during resource limitation. In this is case the priority level information of ARP is used to decide

In addition eNB uses ARP mechanism to decide which bearer to drop during resource limitations(for eg. Handover).

Refer Spec 23.401 /Sec 4.7.3
a) Video telephony is one use case where it may be beneficial to use EPS bearers with different ARP values for the same UE. In this use case an operator could map voice to one bearer with a higher ARP, and video to another bearer with a lower ARP. In a congestion situation (e.g. cell edge) the eNB can then drop the "video bearer" without affecting the "voice bearer". This would improve service continuity

b) The ARP may also be used to free up capacity in exceptional situations, e.g. a disaster situation. In such a case the eNB may drop bearers with a lower ARP priority level to free up capacity if the pre-emption vulnerability information allows this.

* GBR (Guranteed Bit Rate)
This parameter is applicable only for dedicated bearer services like voice or streaming.GBR is nothing but the guranteed bit rate that is expected by a dedicated bearer service
* MBR (Maximum Bit Rate)
This is to limit the bit rate that can be expected to be provided by dedicated bearer

From sec 4.7.4 /Spec 23.401
Neither the EPC nor the E-UTRAN supports any explicit feedback to trigger a rate adaptation scheme at the application / service / transport layer.
The MBR of a particular GBR bearer shall be set equal to the GBR.
NOTE: Support for "MBR > GBR" bearers may be introduced in a future release.
The EPC does not support E-UTRAN-initiated "QoS re-negotiation". That is, the EPC does not support an eNodeB initiated bearer modification procedure. If an eNodeB can no longer sustain the GBR of an active GBR bearer then the eNodeB should simply trigger a deactivation of that bearer.

* QCI (QOS Class Indicator)
QCI which is used as a reference to a set of Access Network related
Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, for the transmission between the terminal and the eNodeB.
The purpose of the QCI, and associated parameters, is to provide a representation of QoS parameters to be shared between Core and Access parts of the network.

LTE packet services

Eps Bearer & PDP Context
http://beyond-3g-wireless.blogspot.com/

LTE has been designed to support packet services in a more efficient way than UMTS. The key service, from a wireless data network perspective, is the establishment of the data session that will be used by the mobile device for data services.

In UMTS and GPRS, the key to establishing a data session is the Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context establishment procedure. In LTE, the procedure has been changed to an Evolved Packet System (EPS) Bearer Setup.

Let us first discuss how PDP context works?

In a UMTS network the data session is established with a PDP Context Activation procedure. But, before the PDP context can be established the UE must do an Attach procedure. The Attach procedure is used to alert the SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) that the UE has powered up. The problem is that there isn’t anything the UE can do after an Attach without requesting a PDP Context.

After the Attach procedure is completed the UE will then do a Primary PDP Context that will establish the data session and allocate an IP address to the UE. This PDP Context will have a QoS associated with it based on the needs in the request. If the UE needs to have multiple data sessions, due to various Quality of Service (QoS), the UE will do a Secondary PDP Context activation. For the sake of completeness, it is important to note that there are other reasons to establishing subsequent PDP Context beyond QoS, but that is a good place to start

In a LTE based system, there are two types of data session setups. The first is called a Default EPS Bearer. The second is the Dedicated EPS Bearer. The first is established as part of the Attach procedure. The Default EPS Bearer will only support a nominal QoS, but that should be sufficient for application signaling. When the UE needs to establish a service a Dedicated EPS Bearer will be established. This will have the QoS requirements needed for the service.

As way of comparison, the LTE Attach/Default EPS Bearer will be equivalent to the UMTS Attach and then doing a Primary PDP Context establishment procedure. The Secondary PDP Context Activation is similar to the Dedicated EPS Bearer Setup procedure.

If we were to look at the key parameters in these messages, we would see that both the UMTS procedures and the LTE procedures still use parameters like an Access Point Name (APN), IP address type, and QoS parameters. Therefore, the only real difference between the two types of procedures is that there has been an optimization in LTE that reduces the number of signaling messages that need to be sent over the air.

An EPS bearer is actually composed of the three following elements:
a) An S5 bearer – implemented by a tunnel which transports packets between the Serving & PDN Gateways.
b) An S1 bearer – implemented by a tunnel which transports packets between the ServingGW & eNodeB.
c) A Radio Bearer – implemented by a RLC connection between the eNodeB & the
UE. There is one RLC protocol machine per Radio Bearer

From the Specs:

1) What is EPS bearer?
As per the doc 23.401-800, Section 4.7.2.1
An EPS bearer is a logical aggregate of one or more Service Data Flows (SDFs), running between a UE and a PDN GW in case of GTP-based S5/S8, and between UE and Serving GW in case of PMIP-based S5/S8. An EPS bearer is the level of granularity for bearer level QoS control in the EPC/E-UTRAN. That is, SDFs mapped to the same EPS bearer receive the same bearer level packet forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling policy, queue management policy, rate shaping policy, RLC configuration, etc.). Providing different bearer level QoS to two SDFs thus requires that a separate EPS bearer is established for each SDF.

2) What is difference between Default EPS bearer and Dedicated EPS bearer?
As per the doc 23.401-800, Section 4.7.2.1
One EPS bearer is established when the UE connects to a PDN, and that remains established throughout the lifetime of the PDN connection to provide the UE with always-on IP connectivity to that PDN. That bearer is referred to as the default bearer. Any additional EPS bearer that is established to the same PDN is referred to as a dedicated bearer.

The initial bearer level QoS parameter values of the default bearer are assigned by the network, based on subscription data (in case of E-UTRAN the MME sets those initial values based on subscription data retrieved from HSS). The
PCEF may change those values based in interaction with the PCRF or based on local configuration.

3) What is TFT(Traffic Flow Template) ?
TFT is a set of all Packet filters associated with a EPS Bearer. Every dedicated EPS bearer is associated with a TFT. Every EPS bearer is associated with an UL TFT in the UE and a DL TFT in the PCEF.

Maximum number of TFT that can be allocated per UE is 10(assuming one default bearer and 10 dedicated bearers).

Refer Spec 24.007/11.2.3.1.5/Eps Bearer Identity
A L3 protocol may define that bits 5 to 8 of octet 1 of a standard L3 message of the protocol contain the EPS bearer identity. The EPS bearer identity is used to identify a message flow.

From other sources: http://www.lteuniversity.com/blogs/chrisreece/archive/2009/02/06/bearers-questions.aspx

4) Default Bearers are created per UE basis or PDN GW basis?
Default bearers are created on a per PDN basis. So if a UE is connecting to two PDNs it will need to establish two default bearers. The best example that I can come up with for why a subscriber may want to connect to multiple PDNs is if subscriber wants to connect to an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network and the Internet. The first default bearer will be established during the Attach process when the UE first powers up and the second will be done using Activate default EPS bearer context request procedure. When the second default bearer is established will be dependent on the service and the UE.

LTE Protocol Stack

LTE Protocol Stack
http://beyond-3g-wireless.blogspot.com/

After a long break ....

By reading my earlier chapter LTE Architecture Overview,I hope everyone would be familiar with different network elements and their functionality to some extent.

Before we dive into LTE Protocol stack, we will have look at different interfaces connecting the LTE network elements

1) S1-MME:Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
2) S1-U:Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.
3) S3: It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active state.(eg. GSM/UMTS network)
4) S4: It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP Anchor function of Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the user plane tunnelling.
5) S5: It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between Serving GW and PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the Serving GW needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.
6) S6a: It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface) between MME and HSS.

7) S8: Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the Serving GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. S8 is the inter PLMN variant of S5.
8) S9: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information between the Home PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order to support local breakout function.
9) S10: Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information transfer.
10) S11:Reference point between MME and Serving GW
11) S12:Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user plane tunnelling when Direct Tunnel is established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the GTP-U protocol as defined between SGSN and UTRAN or respectively between SGSN and GGSN. Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option.
12) S13:It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR.
SGi: It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet data network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses.
13) Rx: The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in the TS 23.203 [6].
14) SBc:Reference point between CBC and MME for warning message delivery and control functions.
15) Gx: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW.

We would be discussing mostly on those highlighted in bold font.

This Interface information is taken from 3gpp Spec 23.401/4.2.3/Reference Points

LTE Protocol stack is split into two communication path: Control Plane & User Plane(carry actual user payload)

LTE Control Plane Stack


The control plane consists of protocols for control and support of the user plane functions:-

a) controlling the E-UTRA network access connections, such as attaching to and detaching from E-UTRAN;
b) controlling the attributes of an established network access connection, such as activation of an IP address;
c) controlling the routing path of an established network connection in order to support user mobility;
d) controlling the assignment of network resources to meet changing user demands.

When a mobile is turned ON,the UE communicates to Network by performing Attach Procedure. This where the control plane communication begins.
UE communicates to eNB via Radio Resource Control protocol.This is where all the attach request/response etc are created. RRC is way to communicate to with eNB.
The RRC performs broadcast, paging, RRC connection management, Radio Bearer control, Mobility functions, UE measurement reporting and control.

You can find more information from 3gpp Spec 36.331.
Above RRC we have something called Non Access Stratum Protocol which terminates at MME.

All NAS Messages are sent as a part of RRC message.

Main functions of NAS Protocol:
a) Support of mobility of the user equipment (UE); and
b) Support of session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE and a packet data network gateway (PDN GW).
c) Also NAS security
e.g. integrity protection and ciphering of NAS signalling messages.

To know more about Non Access Stratum Refer Spec 24.301

LTE User Plane Stack


The Data from UE goes to eNB and eNB maps this data over GTP tunnel and sends it to SGW over S1_U.

MAC, RLC and PDCP are at Layer 2 in UE and eNB

Just below MAC is Physical Layer this where actual concepts of high speed comes into picture, because of sophisticated physical layer. Its no secrete on what technology used here? OFDMA.

Currently I dont have any knowledge over the lower layer(Phy,MAC,RLC,PDCP). So not much discussion on this right now


Below picture shows the interface with protocol used between network elements
Thatz it for now
bye from
Sree

LTE General Architecture Overview Part-2

LTE General Architecture Overview Part-2
http://beyond-3g-wireless.blogspot.com/

2G/3G Network Architecture
Please take a look at above picture for comparing LTE Architecture with 2G/3G network Architecture.
Let us continue the discussion on the EPC network elements listed in the previous topic
S-GW primary function is to manage the user plane mobility.It maintains the data path between eNodeB's and PDN GW. When UE moves around eNodeBs in E-UTRAN network, the S-GW servers as a anchor for local mobility. The data packets are routed via S-GW during E-UTRAN mobility or when UE moves from E-UTRAN network to other 3GPP network(GSM,UMTS etc.)
PDN GW servers as an anchor for sessions towards the external packet data networks.
MME performs signalling and control functions to manage the UE access to network connections, assignment of network resources,paging,roaming,handovers etc.
In short the control & signalling path in LTE are managed by MME whereas the user data path is managed by S-GW.
Regarding PCRF not much idea but in general it supports flow based charging.

LTE General Architecture

LTE General Architecture Overview
http://beyond-3g-wireless.blogspot.com/

Whenever we start discussing about any technology we usually start with Evolution & its Architecture.

So I would like to start my blog with discussion on LTE (Long Term Evolution) which is our next generation wireless

LTE Network Architecture
In this chapter to make it more interesting I tried to compare LTE network elements with existing 2G/3G networks, so that it would be easy for us to understand their functionalities.
In general the LTE Architecture is functionally split into two parts namely

*


E-UTRAN -Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (eNB)
*

EPC-Evolved Packet Core (MME,S-GW,PDN GW,HSS)

Figure2 from 3GPP Spec 36.300
The E-UTRAN consists of eNBs, which provides termination of control plane & user plane towards the UE &EPC network.Currently no need to bother much about what is control/user plane.
eNode B is nothing but combination of both RNC+Node B's in case of a UMTS network or BTS+BSC in case of a GSM network.The eNBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface. The eNBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core), more specifically to the MME (Mobility Management Entity) by means of the S1-MME and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) by means of the S1-U.
The S1 interface supports a many-to-many relation between MMEs / Serving Gateways and eNBs
E-UTRAN typically does Radio Resource Management towards UE, Selection of an MME based on the information provided by UE for routing Control Plane data,Selection of S-GW to route User Plane data, Scheduling etc.
You can refer 3GPP Spec 36.300 for more information on E-UTRAN functionalities.
The EPC provides mobile core functionality that, in previous mobile generations (2G, 3G), has been realized through two separate sub-domains: circuit-switched (CS) for voice and packet-switched (PS) for data.
In LTE, these two distinct core sub-domains, which are used voice and data, are unified as a single IP domain(Packet Switch Domain). Which means in LTE there in no more circuit switched voice call is possible.In LTE voice call is supported through VOIP(Voice Over IP)
With all this features LTE failed to satisfy the operators world wide for not having CS LTE network. So there is a recent development happening in LTE market to support Voice Over LTE via Generic Access Network(VOLGA)
Please follow the below mentioned link to get more info on VoLGA
http://www.volga-forum.com/
LTE will be end-to-end all-IP(ie. from mobile handsets and other terminal devices with embedded IP capabilities, over IP-based Evolved NodeBs).
As discussed earlier EPC consists of four components

*


MME (Mobility Management Entity) [similar to SGSN]
*

S-GW (Serving Gateway) [similar to GGSN]
*

PDN GW (Packet Data Network Gateway)
*

PCRF(Policy and Charging Rules Function)

We will discuss each of its functionality later on.
Until then bye from Sridhar.

3G LTE eNodeB

3G LTE eNodeB Showcased
www.3g.co.uk
31st March, 2009

US : Motorola will showcase its Wireless Broadband Radio (WBR) 500r Long-Term Evolution (LTE) eNodeB at CTIA Wireless 2009. The WBR 500r is Motorola’s latest advancement in bringing to market a very agile zero footprint LTE solution that addresses the full scope of wireless carriers’ deployment needs to provide an advanced LTE RAN solution that meets size, and deployment cost criteria.

Motorola’s flexible eNodeB LTE base stations will support Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) or Time Division Duplex (TDD) and will be available in a range of frequencies from 700MHz to 2.6GHz with bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20MHz. The eNodeB features enhanced coverage and capacity for improved performance, superior power efficiency for reduced energy consumption and lower total cost of ownership, and advanced self organizing network (SON) implementation that help operators build and operate their LTE networks at a lower cost.

“Motorola is actively involved in LTE trials and is committed to research and development of both TDD and FDD LTE solutions with lab facilities in China, North America and our new demonstration lab in the U.K.,” said Darren McQueen, vice president, wireless broadband networks, Motorola Home & Networks Mobility. “We remain on track for the first commercial release of our LTE solutions for 700Mhz and 2.6GHz – including the WBR 500r – later this year.”

Since 2003, Motorola has shipped more than 87,000 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) radios and more than one million OFDM CPEs. As a result Motorola has gained significant deployment and operations experience with OFDM broadband networks. Using Motorola’s field-proven OFDM technology and platforms, the WBR 500 series LTE base station is built to increase coverage and capacity in even the most challenging RF environments.

Motorola’s LTE solution includes the WBR 500 series eNodeB, evolved packet core (EPC), high-speed backhaul, network and device management solutions, and a complete portfolio of professional services. Motorola’s flexible LTE Radio Access Network (RAN) portfolio features various combinations of frame-based radios and remote radio units with a tower top option that can support a wide variety of LTE deployment scenarios across existing and new virgin spectrum.

Motorola’s LTE RAN solution incorporates a field-proven intelligent RF scheduler, support for advanced antenna techniques such as Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) and beamforming, and an advanced receiver design to further increase site capacity and improve subscriber experience. In addition, Motorola’s LTE WBR 500 series platform features integrated SON - built leveraging years of research at Motorola’s autonomics lab and expertise in implementation in mission critical public safety networks - to reduce the cost to deploy and maintain the wireless broadband network.

OPEX reduction is key to LTE development

Leading Edge--LTE requirements for bearer networks
By Du Wei

As increasing numbers of leading operators unveil their LTE plans, the high requirements for LTE are shaping the development of bearer network technology. Notably, bearer networks must consistently deliver a carrier-class performance that caters to all scenarios and is underpinned by simplified and cost-effective O&M.

Full scenario

PWE3/MPLS: 2G, 3G, and LTE coexistence

Over 90% of wireless sites will be reused during the 2G/3G transition to LTE. However, transition does not mean "replacement", and the three technologies will coexist over the long term. This situation will force transport networks to adapt to the varied requirements that arise in the different stages of wireless technology evolution.

The cost of wireless sites, including equipment room construction and rent, accounts for almost half of total wireless network CAPEX, while wireless base stations and the transport network incur 40% and 10% respectively. Comparing with the heavy cost of renovating their existing 2G/3G base stations, most operators choose to offer multi-service capabilities on their newly-built IP transport networks.

Only MSTP and PWE3/MPLS-based packet transport technologies can currently carry TDM, ATM, and Ethernet services. As transport networks evolve toward IP telephony, PWE3/MPLS technologies have emerged as a vital feature of the mobile bearer area.

IEEE 1588v2: low cost synchronization and full coverage

GPS or IEEE 1588v2 achieves the time synchronization that TD-SCDMA, CDMA, WiMAX, and LTE (including LTE TDD and LTE FDD) all require. Frequency limitations mean that LTE provides less coverage than 2G and 3G; CAPEX is increased due to the necessary increase in base stations and the provision of network-wide GSP. However, IEEE 1588v2 technology reduces GPS costs and fortifies the telecom infrastructure by maintaining synchronization should GPS fail.

Wireless broadband is widely used in indoor applications. As GPS cannot penetrate roofs, time information from indoor base stations must be synchronized by the transport network, in which case GPON, Ethernet and others need to integrate IEEE 1588v2 capabilities.

OTN/WDM: high speeds and low OPEX

The current mainstream solutions for LTE-based high-speed railway applications provide network coverage through distributed BTSs, with multiple remote radio units (RRUs) located in the same cell. This solution reduces the number of cell handovers across base band units (BBUs) by enabling handover to occur within a single BBU. Doing so significantly enhances the broadband service experience as call drop rates are reduced during high-speed motion.

As the bandwidth of common public radio interface (CPRI) between a BBU and an RRU can reach 1Gbps and as base stations located on a rail system complicate maintenance and are prone to theft, compact optical transport network (OTN) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) devices are favored for the CPRI bearer. This solution lowers overall maintenance costs by reducing fibers, centralizing BBU management, deploying remote and distributed RRUs, and easing equipment room acquisition. Moreover, it is advisable to protect investment by deploying an IP bearer network that can evolve to incorporate OTN and WDM capabilities.

Carrier-class performance

LTE bearer: a connection-oriented entity

An LTE bearer network provides two interfaces: S1 to connect a base station to the core network gateway and X2 to realize logical inter-base station connections.

The S1 interface is topologically similar to the 2G Abis and 3G Iub interfaces and requires Flex capability for disaster recovery. Similar requirements would apply to the Abis and Iub interfaces as 2G and 3G networks become IP compatible, but this has not been realized yet. Protection extends beyond technology to involve a number of factors such as network topology, transmission directions, network construction costs, and requirements. The service gateway (SGW) only necessitates dual-homing protection, given that SGW would be relocated in the radio network controller (RNC) room. The network core must provide Flex protection as the mobility management entity (MME) is located in the central equipment room.

As LTE networks are designed to serve the general public, the X2 interface is obligated to comply with a given nation' s rules and policies, including requirements for legal monitoring. All traffic must be monitored through the gateway to prevent mobile subscribers from accessing each other without authorization. Operators currently only use the X2 interface to enhance adjacent base station handover, after which services still need to be transmitted through the S1 interface.

As handover is confined to neighboring base stations, leading operators require the X2 interface to logically connect adjacent base stations so as to prevent the failure of a single base station extending to others by blocking full-mesh connectivity.

Connections in this way can only be established through static configuration due to complex coverage between base stations. Creating a suitably connective link is unfeasible given the high requirements of the X2 and S1 interfaces for low delays coupled with strong protection capabilities. The connections, protection mechanism, and QoS features of the two interfaces must be pre-configured before services are launched over the LTE bearer network. This type of connection is immune from both aging and automatic changes, which in turn positions the LTE bearer network as essentially a connection-oriented entity.

Lower delay guarantees service experience

LTE is designed to enable the same capabilities as fixed broadband. Traditional 3G/HSDPA architecture handles services over four layers from subscription to service, causing lengthy delays and high costs. LTE' s flat structure considerably reduces delay to markedly improve the performance of broadband services.

LTE bearer networks require much lower delays than legacy fixed broadband bearer networks to achieve the same end to end (E2E) performance indices. However, the coding of wireless air interfaces creates long transmission delays, which lowers system throughout and potentially erodes the spectrum efficiency of wireless air interface. In this scenario, greater number of wireless carriers increases costs to guarantee sufficient coverage. Consequently, transmission delays must be minimized to achieve viable costs.

Traditional switches and routers generate discrete transmission delays, which occasionally causes interruptions exceeding 1ms in single sites. As signal transmission generally passes through 10 to 20 sites, LTE bearer networks are unable to guarantee stable E2E transmission with low delays. As a result, operators opt for packet transmission equipment with fixed-length packet forwarding to deliver LTE bearer capability. For lower E2E delays, L3 handling procedures and the number of hops must be minimized.

H-QoS ensures base stations are always online

The LTE wireless layer realizes E2E service QoS control by controlling signals and reserving resources. However, increasingly IP-based bearer network architecture stimulates a number of problems that degrade QoS across the LTE service layer, including network congestion, packet loss, jitter, and delays. Since All-IP bearer networks may suffer from congestion, a mechanism for guaranteeing QoS under congested conditions must be implemented.

The QoS mechanism for the LTE base station transport network must meet two key requirements: first, prioritized service forwarding that mirrors traditional differentiated services; second, service guarantees at crucial base stations, for example, those at government buildings, hospitals, and schools, to ensure seamless service provision in the event of major congestion or a disaster. This requires hierarchical QoS (H-QoS) processing on the bearer network to schedule queues across different base stations and services to maintain the functionality of priority base stations and vital services.


Easy maintenance

LTE transport focuses on S1 not X2

LTE' s new logical interface X2 is intended for handover. The interface features a complicated logical mesh connection that challenges legacy point-to-point transmission network architecture. Further analysis reveals that the X2 interface needs little bandwidth–a maximum of 3% of the amount required by the S1 interface. The E2E transmission delays must range from 50 to 100ms on the X2 service plane, 10 to 20ms on the signaling plane, but considerably under 5ms on the S1 user plane.

The time delay on the X2 interface has to adapt to mobility requirements while delays on the S1 interface must meet service and throughput requirements. The X2 time delay requirement is negligible if the bearer network accommodates the S1 interface delay requirement. Thus, X2 logical handover can also be performed on the bearer network or access gateway (AGW) convergence point. Notably, the bearer network is required to support X2 logical interconnection, which may increase demands on maintenance and equipment functions, such as L3 VPN.

In addition, preventing unauthorized connections between adjacent base stations requires a security control policy, though this can increase the bearer network CAPEX by over 30%. Is it worthwhile to increase investment by 30% simply to cover 3% of the traffic but degrade the QoS and maintenance for 97% of S1 services?

The experience of fixed network operators shows that VPN PE routers can be located in the core metro equipment room to support low-traffic L3 VPN services over the broadband network. In terms of configuration and management, this model accommodates requirements that are similar to those of the X2 bearer and fixed network L3 VPN: low traffic, configuration needs, and frequent adjustments. Centrally configured VPN provider edge (PE) routers can represent the optimal X2 bearer solution if the time delay index is achieved.

Unified management ensures smooth evolution

LTE services are currently transported in two ways. The first reflects concerns regarding new technology by delivering 2G and 3G services over MSTP, and LTE services through a separate PTN. The second method aims to protect future investment by transmitting both 3G and LTE services over a PTN and migrating existing 2G services from the MSTP to the network.

Both solutions must address the small size of base station rooms. As transport equipment is located in the base station cabinet, which provides 2U-3U space. However, the base station can smoothly evolve from 3G to LTE, with 2G and 3G coexistence occurring over the long term. Therefore, each solution has to provide unified end access through an equipment box.

Traditionally, one MSTP maintenance team is sufficient for wireless network maintenance. A specialized maintenance team is usually necessary for wireless and transport networks as the former requires operators to frequently adjust bandwidth, add carriers, and relocate sites. Otherwise, cross-departmental communication will increase maintenance cost and weaken troubleshooting efficiency. Thus, the unified maintenance and management of LTE and 2G/3G backhaul networks is vital for a smooth evolution process.

IP NMS visualization reduces OPEX

LTE deployment on a massive scale is inhibited by the challenge of rising OPEX. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development' s (OECD' s) analysis of wireless broadband reveals that initial wireless broadband construction accounts for the bulk of expenditure, but that OPEX burdens operators during the latter stages. See Fig.1.

Therefore, the bearer network must prioritize easy maintenance and availability. This promotes the advantages of legacy SDH networks, which operators can refer to as models of reliability and maintainability.

Legacy SDH networks provide a rich set of alarm and performance monitoring capabilities based on hierarchical overheads and maintenance information. To support visualized E2E IP-based network management system (NMS) configuration and rapid troubleshooting, PTN equipment must also provide hierarchical OAM capabilities in the same way as SDH equipment, and send comprehensive maintenance information to the NMS.

Compared with traditional IP equipment that supports single-site command line configurations, the visualized IP-based NMS increases configuration efficiency by 95%. Moreover, the system greatly improves fault detection efficiency, which eases maintenance complexity, and may significantly curtail OPEX in the context of massive-scale deployment.

A customer-focused, expedient approach underpins the robust and sustainable development of bearer networks. With a focus on key mobile bearer requirements, Huawei has launched its multi-service platform based on PTN products. Geared to mobile operators' broadband and All-IP transition requirements, the platform currently serves the world' s top 10 global operators, including China Mobile, Vodafone, Orange, and Telefonica O2.

Based on a unified platform, Huawei' s IPTime solution (IP infrastructure for Multi-Play experience) significantly simplifies maintenance by facilitating access via microwave, copper wire, and fiber lines. Huawei has incorporated E2E IEEE 1588v2 capability into its full product series, including PTN, GPON and routers. Oriented to operators' key LTE bearer requirements and incorporating hierarchical SDH network maintenance and management, the Huawei IPTime solution has considerably enhanced the PTN in terms of holistic adaptability, carrier-class performance, and maintainability. Thus, it can assist operators to provide 2G and 3G systems with full service LTE bearer capabilities.

Migrasi Operator CDMA Menuju LTE

Author: The Kuliselular

LTE menawarkan lompatan teknologi yang memukau industri operator. Tak hanya kubu GSM yang siap meminang LTE. Kubu operator CDMA juga mampu bermigrasi secara mulus ke LTE lewat solusi eHRPD.

Setiap operator memiliki rencana strategis guna mengembangkan kualitas layanan. Apalagi kebutuhan kualitas layanan di segmen data telah meningkat pesat. Operator di Tanah Air boleh dibilang lumayan update untuk urusan adaptasi teknologi, meski belum tentu ada relevansi pada soal kualitas. Sebut saja untuk mengusung layanan data, operator di Tanah Air sudah mengadopsi 3G, HSDPA (high speed downlink packet access) dan segera menyusul HSUPA (high speed uplink packet access) yang punya kecepatan transfer data hingga 5,6 Mbps. Itu baru platform teknologi dari kubu GSM. Kubu CDMA juga menawarkan versi CDMA2000-1x EVDO Rev A yang punya kecepatan hingga 3,1 Mbps.

Baik kubu GSM (global system for mobile communication) dan CDMA (code divison multiple access) kini menawarkan solusi dalam tatanan platform 3G/3,5G. Walau teknologi yang ada belum tergali maksimal, operator sudah punya tawaran lompatan lebih jauh menuju platform generasi keempat (4G). Bekal teknologi 4G yang dimaksud adalah LTE (long term evolution). Untuk Indonesia, baru operator GSM Telkomsel yang menyatakan minat menggunakan LTE. LTE sendiri adalah teknologi lanjutan dari generasi 1xEV-DO, awalnya digunakan untuk pengembangan komunikasi suara, kemudian ditingkatkan untuk data.

Solusi LTE mampu memisahkan proses downlink dan uplink pada dua pipa spektrum yang berbeda. Kecepatan transfer data LTE bisa mencapai 100 Mbps. Uplink-nya berbasis pada teknologi yang dinamakan SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access). Dengan teknologi ini baterai handset akan lebih tahan lama meski digunakan untuk koneksi data. LTE berjalan di spektrum yang selama ini akrab digunakan operator, yakni 450/850/900/1800/1900/2100 Mhz. Selain juga beroperasi pada spektrum 700 Mhz dan 2,5 Ghz yang rencananya dialokasikan untuk WiMax.

Tiga alternatif migrasi CDMA ke LTE


Dengan kebolehan LTE, tak hanya operator GSM yang tertarik menggunakannya, kubu operator CDMA secara teori juga bisa menggunakan platform LTE. Operator bisa diuntungkan dari segi gelar jaringan, pasalnya LTE mampu mencakup jaringan yang lebih luas dengan nodes (BTS) yang lebih sedikit. Umpamanya dalam jaringan GSM dibutuhkan 5 BTS, maka pada jaringan LTE hanya dibutuhkan dua nodes di wilayah yang sama. Bila operator GSM/UMTS bisa berevolusi ’alami’ ke LTE, tidak demikian dengan operator CDMA. Menurut informasi dari cellular-news.com, ada tiga jalan alternatif buat operator CDMA untu bermigrasi ke LTE.

Tiga Alternatif
Alternatif pertama yakni dengan jalan menggunakan LTE sebagai jaringan lapis kedua pada sistem HRPD (high rate packet data) yang terpadu. HRPD adalah protokol dalam komunikasi mobile 3G yang berbasis pada jaringan CDMA2000. Tapi alternatif ini bakal memakan biaya investasi yang sangat besar. Pelanggan juga harus melakukan roaming dari jaringan HRPD ke jaringan LTE untuk menikmati layanan, tentunya pelanggan tak bisa mendapatkan layanan internet yang seamless.

Alternatif kedua operator CDMA melakukan langkah migrasi terlebih dahulu ke platform 3G/UMTS sebelum masuk ke LTE. Cara ini membutuhkan jaringan baru hampir pada banyak elemen, termasuk penggantian ponsel yang digunakan oleh pelanggan. Langkah ini juga dipandang sangat mahal dan berpotensi masalah pada kelanjutan IP (internet protocol) session antara jaringan HRPD dan 3G/UMTS.

Lalu alternatif ketiga bisa dipandang lebih masuk akal, yakni dengan mengusung eHRPD (evolved). eHRPD adalah metode yang mengizinkan bagi operator untuk melakukan upgrade pada jaringan HRPD mereka lewat elemen SAE (system architecture evolution)/EPC (evolved packet core). eHRPD adalah jalan singkat bagi operator CDMA untuk mengadopsi layanan LTE secara seamless service dalam single packet switched core network.

Arsitektur eHRPD


Untuk menggelar eHRPD pada jaringan (lihat bagan 2), diperlukan penambahan perangkat HSGW (HRPD Serving Gateway). Fungsi HSGW yakni memastikan konvergensi mobilitas manajemen antara HRPD dan jaringan LTE. HSGW juga menyediakan interwoking antara HRPD access node dan Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) sebagai elemen SAE/EPC. Dalam teori, jaringan eksisting Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) bisa di integrasikan atau di upgrade ke dalam perangkat HSGW.

Setelah proses migrasi ke eHRPD selesai, pekerjaan selanjutnya adalah mengembangkan LTE RAN atau (E-UTRAN/evolve-Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). E-UTRAN adalah wireless data extension yang umum digunakan pada teknologi GSM. Langkah terakhir disisi core network yakni mengembangkan Mobility Management Entitiy (MME).

Pilihan untuk migrasi bagi sebuah operator tentu berpulang pada beberapa faktor, diantaranya yang utama seperti mengatur strategi radio akses, strategi sumber jaringan, tipe layanan yang memungkinkan, waktu yang tepat dan alokasi biaya. Kunci sukses LTE akan sangat bergantung pada tersedianya layanan yang mudah untuk koneksi handover dengan non 3GPP mobile network. Sampai hari ini memang belum terdengar operator yang bakal mengadopsi eHRDP. Tapi tak menutup kemungkinan eHRDP bakal dilirik bila secara bisnis dihitung layak.

Selama dua dekade, teknologi komunikasi selular terbagi dalam dua standar utama. Pertama basis teknologi 3GPP untuk kubu GSM/UMTS. Kedua basis teknologi 3GPP-2 untuk kubu platform CDMA. LTE sendiri diciptakan oleh Qualcomm, tapi kemudian banyak vendor yang terlibat untuk LTE, seperti Nokia Siemens, Ericsson, Huawei dan ZTE.

(Jan09)

Demo LTE di CommunicAsia (ardhi/inet)

Wuzz...Unduh Film Cuma Hitungan Detik
Ardhi Suryadhi - detikinet
CommunicAsia 2009

Singapura - Para vendor teknologi seakan tengah berlomba untuk menyiapkan teknologi Long
Term Evolution (LTE) untuk segera dimasukkan ke dalam industri ICT. Dalam sebuah uji coba, untuk mengunduh film dengan teknologi ini hanya membutuhkan waktu hitungan detik. Wuss...

Demo tersebut menjadi andalan Nokia Siemens Network (NSN) kepada sejumlah wartawan, termasuk detikINET, di tengah hajatan pameran teknologi telekomunikasi yang disebut-sebut terbesar di Asia Pasifik, CommunicAsia 2009.

Dalam demo, teknologi LTE digunakan awak NSN untuk men-download film yang berukuran sekitar 50 MB. Kira-kira tak sampai 3 detik, film yang 'disedot' tersebut ternyata sudah selesai diunduh. Sungguh cepat bak roket.

Selain itu juga didemokan bagaimana melakukan video call dengan LTE. Melalui kamera 8 megapiksel yang ditanamkan dalam komputer layar sentuh yang dibawa NSN, gambar yang dihasilkan tidak pecah meski kamera digoyang-goyang.

Menurut data NSN, secara umum LTE memang mampu menawarkan kecepatan data hingga 173 Mbps untuk downlink dan 58 Mbps untuk uplink. Tentu saja dengan kecepatan tersebut, teknologi ini tak bisa disandingkan dengan 3G karena 'kasta' keduanya jelas berbeda.

Jorg Erlemerier, Head of Services NSN Asia Pasifik mengatakan bahwa LTE akan menjadi bagian penting dalam perkembangan industri telekomunikasi. Mau tak mau operator telekomunikasi harus sudah mulai siap menyambutnya.

"Sebab dengan kemampuannya menekan biaya, teknologi ini memiliki kemampuan yang besar," tukasnya kepada detikINET. ( ash / fyk )

Nokia Siemens Makes World's First LTE Call

from: http://www.acceleratorng.com/infotech.php?n=389

To prove the readiness of its LTE (Long Term Evolution) solutions when telecom operators worldwide migrate from 3G/HSPA+ to LTE, Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) recently made the world's first LTE call.


The NSN call was made via base stations with fully-compliant software to the 3GPP Rel.8 (March 2009 baseline) LTE standard, bringing LTE trials closer to the behavior of future commercial deployments. The LTE data call was conducted at NSN' R&D Centre in Ulm, Germany.

The first deployments for LTE services are foreseen for the end of 2009 with volume rollouts of commercial networks in early 2010.

NSN said it is committed to driving the commercial uptake starting 2010 with an end-to-end solution that provides a future-proof, easy and cost-efficient path to LTE via a software upgrade only.


Till date, NSN has shipped LTE-compatible Flexi Base Station hardware to over 80 operators.